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Safe standing is a term used to describe various design options in stadia to allow spectators to stand at events. It is primarily used in the context of association football in the United Kingdom, where a series of fatal incidents led to legislation requiring major clubs to develop all-seater stadiums during the 1990s. Since then, fan groups have campaigned against the ban on standing accommodation, arguing that new design options would allow designated standing areas to be built in compliance with all safety laws and guidelines. As these options are outlawed in England and Wales, safe standing in practice originated in continental Europe, primarily Germany. This occurred because although UEFA and FIFA required all-seater stadiums for international competition, it was not mandatory for domestic matches. ==Background== Traditionally most football grounds in the United Kingdom had terraces at each end and often on lower tiers along each side. Most supporters watched football standing up. In the late 1980s the average standing capacity in grounds was roughly twice the number of seats.〔The Hillsborough Stadium Disaster. Inquiry by Rt Hon Lord Justice Taylor Final Report – 66〕 Some football administrators saw the removal of terraces as a solution to a problem with hooliganism that had arisen in British society in the 1970s. Under the chairmanship of Jimmy Hill, Coventry City’s Highfield Road became England’s first all-seater football stadium in 1981. However, the experiment failed to prevent disorder or increase attendances and two years later seats were removed from part of the ground.〔University of Leicester Report for Football Trust – Williams, Dunning & Murphy〕 On 15 April 1989 a crush on the Leppings Lane terrace of Hillsborough during an FA Cup semi final resulted in the deaths of ninety-six Liverpool supporters.〔 Overcrowding had resulted from a gate being opened on police instructions to relieve severe congestion outside the ground and failure to direct supporters away from the already full central pens.〔The Hillsborough Stadium Disaster. Inquiry by Rt Hon Lord Justice Taylor Interim Report – 265〕 Fences at the front of the terrace prevented fans escaping the crush.〔The Hillsborough Stadium Disaster. Inquiry by Rt Hon Lord Justice Taylor Interim Report – 274–276〕 The subsequent inquiry led by Lord Justice Taylor concluded that the immediate cause of the disaster was the failure to cut off access to the central pens when the gate was opened.〔 His report stated that the pens were already overfull because no safe capacities had been set and there was no effective way of monitoring crowd density.〔The Hillsborough Stadium Disaster. Inquiry by Rt Hon Lord Justice Taylor Interim Report – 266〕 Taylor showed that the turnstile access for Liverpool supporters was inadequate and that the congestion outside the ground was therefore predictable.〔The Hillsborough Stadium Disaster. Inquiry by Rt Hon Lord Justice Taylor Interim Report – 268〕 He was highly critical of South Yorkshire Police’s planning and performance on the day〔The Hillsborough Stadium Disaster. Inquiry by Rt Hon Lord Justice Taylor Interim Report – 209-232 & 244-252〕 and of the conduct of senior officers at the inquiry.〔The Hillsborough Stadium Disaster. Inquiry by Rt Hon Lord Justice Taylor Interim Report – 279–285〕 Lord Taylor noted that the evidence he received was overwhelmingly in favour of more seating accommodation and that most was in favour of reversing the two thirds to one third standing / seating ratio.〔 The Taylor Report made 76 recommendations,〔The Hillsborough Stadium Disaster. Inquiry by Rt Hon Lord Justice Taylor Final Report – Part V〕 including that, after a given timescale, all stadia designated under the Safety of Sports Ground Act 1975 should admit spectators to seated accommodation only.〔The Hillsborough Stadium Disaster. Inquiry by Rt Hon Lord Justice Taylor Final Report – Part V, 1〕 A number of his recommendations were not implemented, including all-seating for sports other than football.〔Stand Up Sit Down – A Choice to Watch Football. Peter Caton 2012. ISBN 978-1-78088-177-5. Chapter 16〕 The 1989 Football Spectators Act contained a regulation requiring football grounds to become all-seated as directed by the Secretary of State.〔Football Spectators Act 1989. Section 11〕 This was to be overseen by the Football Licensing Authority〔Football Spectators Act 1989. Section 8〕 (now the Sport Grounds Safety Authority). In July 1992, the British Government announced a relaxation of the regulation for the lower two English leagues (known now as League One and League Two). The Football Spectators Act does not cover Scotland and although the Scottish Premier League chose to make all-seater stadia a requirement of league membership for some time, this rule was relaxed in December 2011.〔 In England and Wales all-seating is a requirement of the Premier League and of the Football League for clubs who have been present in the Championship for more than three seasons. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Safe standing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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